GE vs SB 2015 v2 trimmed

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Closed Caption:

alright today we're going to learn all
about humans use their knowledge to mess
around with genes and tricks today's
lesson is all about two techniques
called selective breeding and genetic
engineering these are both raised that
humans can affect the traits and jeans
organisms now the organisms of planet
Earth coming a really wide variety
there are many million
of living things on planet earth and
they have many many many millions of
totally amazing traits traits like wings
and production color changing web making
not getting cancer being tasty having
warm fur being vitamin rich or strong or
juicy are useful or sneaky or medicine
making a glow-in-the-dark or having the
power of regeneration and lots more
kinds of traits now the question is this
can humans pick and choose and control
these traits to use them for the benefit
of human beings
well the answer is yes we can do it
through two techniques one called
genetic engineering one called selective
breeding
now we're going to start with selective
breeding so since ancient times for
thousands and thousands of years farmers
have always paid very close attention to
the traits of all very animals and all
their plants farmer might notice that
strong carol is really good for plowing
and far more than you might really want
to have a lot of cows like that or a
farm I noticed that some cows are really
fat and beefy they're really good eating
or maybe certain chickens produce lots
of eggs or he has certain tomato plants
that produce really tasty tomatoes are
lots of corn or really good potatoes
that are resistant to disease farmers
pay attention to this stuff because they
want good crops day one could farm
animals now here's a farmer and he's
going to help us understand how
selective breeding works let's imagine
that this farmer has a couple of animals
he has a ball which is very very healthy
it almost never get sick that's a pretty
good trait and he has a cow that's a
really good milking cow she gives lots
and lots of milk well the farmer would
like to have lots of cows that have both
of these traits
ok so a farmer uses what he knows about
living organisms and introduces the ball
to the cow he puts them in a field
together he selects them and he wants
them to breed farmer selects the
organisms that he wants to breed
together so this is plain old sexual
reproduction farmer knows that if he
puts the two cows in a field together at
the Cowen the ball in a field together
and leaves them alone for a while
well sexual reproduction is going to
happen that's how it works with cows so
let's let some time pass and hopefully
when we come back we'll have gotten
pregnant and had some offspring so let's
let even some more time passed here are
the offspring of the cow and bull at the
farmer selected now you know that
offspring always have a combination of
traits from boat parents half the DNA
from mom have to DNA from debt to the
farmer is hoping that the offspring will
the healthy like dad and hopefully
they'll give lots of milk like mom if
their female cows now this process
farmers breeders have been doing the
same thing with dogs cats chickens corn
tomatoes watermelon etc for thousands of
years why have they been doing it to get
organisms with desirable traits with the
traits that they want now remember
plants can be bread together farmers can
brush the pollen thats plants burn from
one plant under the flowers of another
plaintiff the same species to breed them
together just like Gregor Mendel did
with the pea plants
so this is an old technique that people
have known about for a long time
let's break that term down to really
understand it
selective breeding a farmer selects or
choose is and the animals that he
chooses they breed of cow in the bull a
breed my sexual reproduction
the corn breeds the pets breed a farmer
selects the animal's breed selective
breeding now let's do the notes now you
don't have to rush through the notes you
can always pause the video and get
caught up here we go
selective breeding farmers invented it
thousands of years ago and no special
equipment is needed because it relies on
plain old sexual reproduction but as you
know with sexual reproduction the
organisms must be the same species to
goldfish tucows two dogs two cats etc
now this technique has been used with
pets it's been used with farm animals
it's been reused with crops that means
farm plants like corn tomatoes potatoes
that sort of thing and the definition of
selective breeding is choosing to
organize to choosing to parents with
desirable traits to produce offspring
with the best traits of both parents pay
the hit pause seek catch up on the notes
and I'm gonna move on when you're ready
oh don't forget this the farmer chooses
the animals or plants to breed that's
why we call it
selective breeding
now
now here's a question for you to think
about does selective breeding always
work out perfectly well let's look at
this example so we can figure this out
but imagine you have a plant that gives
lots of little red tomatoes and you have
another plant that gives lots of big to
meet us but they're kind of green now if
you cross these two plants by brushing
the pollen from this one
onto the flowers of this plant for you
hope that you get a plant that produces
only big red tomatoes because you want
to get the red trade from this plant and
the big trade from this plant to get a
plant that produces big red tomatoes
that's what grocery stores want to thats
what farmers would want to grow now do
you think it's always going to work out
like that can you think of any possible
problem that might happen if you cross
this plant in this plant to make this
plan using sexual reproduction getting a
random half of the traits from each
parent
well you might get a plant that produces
lots of small green tomatoes you make it
the small trade from here and the green
trade from here and you get a plant that
produces lots of small green tomatoes
and no one really wants that so
sometimes you don't get the trade you
wanted because remember in sexual
reproduction you get a random half of
the trade from mom and a random haven't
reached for sometimes you have to go
back and try again and again and again
selective breeding doesn't always work
out perfectly so the disadvantages this
goes in your notes sometimes you get the
traits that you do not want another
problem that can happen with selective
breeding is something called inbreeding
inbreeding can cause genetic diseases to
accumulate in the population if farmers
or breeders are trying to get a certain
trade they make generation after
generation they may be breeding together
animals that are closely related animals
that have the same trait and people
people don't breed with their brothers
and sisters or even their cousins but in
animals it's not that unusual for
animals to end up reading with other
animals that are closely related but if
that happens generation after generation
you can get a concentration of bad genes
or problem genes in that species so an
example of this is many dog breeds have
common genetic health problems because
of selective breeding an example would
be dalmatians that quite often are death
or have hearing problems
boxer dogs quite often have heart
problems and quite often Labrador
Retrievers have hip problems and
sometimes require surgery
those problems are due to selective
breeding with organisms there too
closely related over many many
generations
all right now moving on to genetic
engineering ok
now genetic engineering you're gonna
need to remember that this is all taking
place in a laboratory using very clever
lab techniques and expensive equipment
so everything I'm talking about now
taking place in the lab with very
expensive fancy lab equipment so let's
start with two organisms were gonna
start with a jellyfish and a mouse we're
gonna take a cell from a jellyfish never
gonna take a cell from a mouse then
we're going to extract some DNA from the
jellyfish now we're going to extract the
DNA from the mouse now we're going to
use our fancy lab equipment to actually
create a gap in the mouse DNA break in
the DNA and what are we gonna do well
jellyfish have a trade where they can
glow-in-the-dark under UV light so we're
going to find the gene for glowing from
the jellyfish and we're actually going
to in search that gene into the mouse
DNA scenario of mouse DNA +1 jellyfish
gene using our clever fancy lab
equipment now using more lab equipment
we're going to get an empty egg cell and
we're going to put that mouse DNA plus a
jellyfish gene into the Xcel and that
basically creates a mouse zygote it's
like a fertilized egg it has all the DNA
from the mouse it's ready to start
growing and dividing and in fact it
undergoes lots and lots and lots of cell
division until eventually a mouse is
born and dismounts is born with the
glowing gene and its DNA it has the
trade of glowing that normally would be
in a jellyfish because it's got nasty na
+1 jellyfish gene the gene for glowing
under UV like this is an example of
genetic engineering taking a gene from
one organism moving it into another
organism show that bad organism will get
the trait
the original organism
example this chicken looks pretty weird
hey this chicken doesn't have feathers
because scientists have engineered some
chickens to be fatherless they actually
removed the gene for chicken or chicken
feathers from chicken DNA and so those
chickens no longer have the gene for
making the proteins that will make
feathers so those chickens grow up
without having any feathers and now it
looks weird why would that be useful
well people who have really big farms
that raised a lot of chickens they have
to spend a lot of effort and money to
pluck those chickens before they're sent
off to the grocery stores so if you can
grow chickens with outsiders might be
able to save a lot of money these
chickens have been produced they aren't
wide spread around the world
alright
let's break down the term genetic
engineering just like we did with
selective breeding engineering means
you're using plans and you're doing lots
of complicated building and putting
things together a that's what
engineering means using clans doing
complicated building and construction
genetic has the word gene in it so in
genetic engineering you are using DNA
and genes to do lots of complicated
putting things together taking things
apart and moving things around its
genetic engineering engineering with
jeans alright let's get the notes on
genetic engineering now genetic
engineering is a modern technique
scientists invented it really about
thirty years ago and like I've said very
expensive lab equipment is needed for
genetic engineering in this process
scientists can move or they can remove
genes they can even move DNA between two
different species like DNA from a fish
put it into a plant now the definition
genetic engineering means identifying a
gene and moving it into the DNA of
another organism or even removing a gene
entirely like a disease gene or gene for
feathers now there can be some
disadvantages to genetic engineering
it's very costly and complicated special
lab equipment is needed there even are
possible ethical issues
ethical means issues of right and wrong
some people feel like only nature or
only god should be able to blue jeans
around or change the DNA living organism
there can be some other unexpected
problems like food allergies or side
effects
imagine this if you are allergic to
apples and scientists make a new kind of
orange that has some apple genes in it
and then those oranges are for sale in
store if you buy oranges that have Apple
DNA in them and you eat them you might
end up with an allergic reaction to the
oranges because you're allergic to the
Apple change for the Apple DNA so some
possible disadvantages to genetic
engineering
all right that is the end of our
explanation of genetic engineering and
selective breeding at this point you
should only go on if you want to see
some examples to quiz yourself
selective breeding and genetic
engineering
ok
where T
taking a gene from a scorpion and
putting it in a cabbage plant yes if you
take a cabbage plant and give it the
scorpion venom gene this can produce bug
proof veggies scientists have actually
done this David taken a gene for
producing scorpion venom and added it to
cabbage plants to kill pesky
caterpillars that might eat the plant is
now a cabbage cells have the gene for
producing scorpion venom so any
caterpillars that try to eat this will
die now this has been done as an
experiment this has successfully been
done just to find out if we could put
DNA from an insect into a plant but
these cabbages are not for sale
these are not being grown currently by
any farmers in the world that has been
done as an experiment show is this
selective breeding or is this genetic
engineering what do you think this is
genetic engineering because it gene is
being moved from one species to another
by fancy lab techniques next example ok
this is a wild boar this is a farm pig
these are pretty much the same species
although they do have some different
traits but they're very very very
closely related now just wild boars
which are very strong but also kind of
grumpy tough wild boars were made it
with friendly meeting pigs to give
robust that means very healthy robust
and meaty pigs for your farm so if you
take a tough more and you made it with a
meaty pig you get offspring that are
super pics so in this example remember
the board gives half his jeans and the
farm pig ears have her jeans too and
they're quite glad that the farmer
introduce them because they're going to
have offspring that will be very
handsome and healthy and tasty and
hopefully friendly so what do you think
is this selective breeding or is it
genetic engineering
think about it ok this is selective
breeding it's being done using sexual
reproduction this is a technique that
could have been done thousands of years
ago
alright next 12 taking a gene from a
fish putting in a tomato if we take a
tomato plant and we give it an
anti-freeze gene from a cold water fish
we end up with cold resistant tomatoes
scientists have actually taken an
anti-freeze gene that creates proteins
that help cells to survive in cold cold
climates they placed an antifreeze gene
from a fish that lives in Antarctica
into tomato plants this creates tomatoes
that can grow in colder weather than
usual for farmers this means their
tomato plants can grow for much longer
growing season even when the weather
gets cold tomato plants can still grow
and give tomatoes can produce it made us
so is this an example of selective
breeding or genetic engineering what do
you think this one is Jen
engineering we're moving a gene from one
species to another ok one more example
this is a chart showing the size of corn
over the past four thousand years now
about 4,000 years ago
corn originated as a plant from South
America in Peru and four thousand years
ago
years of corn were very tiny they didn't
have many kernels on them but over the
past four thousand years year after year
farmers chose the best and the biggest
corn plants and they used those to
pollinate other corn plants to hopefully
get the tallest and biggest trades in
the next generation and after four
thousand years of farmers doing this and
passing the misdeeds on generation to
generation
this is the colon that we have today so
is this an example of genetic
engineering where is this selective
breeding
ok this one is selective breeding it's
done using sexual reproduction choosing
the parents to give offspring with the
best traits from parents ok those are
all are examples and this is really the
end of this lecture